direction for invoking power u/s 156 (3) Cr. P. C.

Foods that Burn More Calories than They Contain

We need to scarf down plenty of calories in a day, but if you've got a nasty snack habit that's tipping the scales to heavy, weblog Bootstrapper's list of 15 foods that burn more calories than they contain might be the perfect addition to your grocery list. Called negative calorie foods, the following 15 treats actual burn more calories in their digestion than they offer, so you can fulfill your snack craving without the guilt of a bag of potato chips. From apples to zucchini, these foods make the perfect snacks. Hit the jump for the full list.

1. Celery
2. Oranges
3. Strawberries
4. Tangerines
5. Grapefruit
6. Carrots
7. Apricots
8. Lettuce
9. Tomatoes
10. Cucumbers
11. Watermelon
12. Cauliflower
13. Apples
14. Hot Chili Peppers
15. Zucchini

Keep in mind that a diet limited to only these foods could lead to malnutrition (according to Wikipedia), so don't go getting all unhealthy on us. But when snack time hits, these healthy, negative calorie foods sound like winners. For more opitons, check Wikipedia's longer list of negative calorie foods, and for a glimpse at other low-calorie snacks, check out the 200-calorie gallery.

Some Foods that Burn More Calories than they Contain

This can be sub-categorized into foods that burn more calories to digest, negative calorie foods and Thermogenic foods. The foods in this category can be further classified into fruits, vegetables and meat.

• Fruits such as blueberries, blackberries, grapefruit, lime, oranges, lemon, pineapple, plums, pears, strawberries and watermelons are high grade catabolic fruits.
• Vegetables such as broccoli, celery, asparagus, carrots, Brussels sprouts, eggplant, leeks, spinach, lettuce, tomato, sweet potato, celery, pepper and parsley leaves rank high as foods that burn more calories to digest.
• Meat sources include seafoods such as crabs, lobsters, mussels, shrimps, clamps and fishes like tuna, cod and flounders. Other low fat white meat also falls under this category of non-vegetarian catabolic foods.

Fruits

Apricots, Blackberries, Cantaloupe, Blackcurrant, Peaches, Plums, Damsons, Raspberries, Grapefruit, Rhubarb, Guava, Strawberries, Honeydew, Melon, Tangerines, Lemons, Watermelon.

Vegetables

Asparagus, Fennel, Gourd, Broccoli, Leek, Cabbage, Lettuce, Carrots, Marrow, Cauliflower, Peppers, Celery, Radishes, Chicory, Spinach, Cress, Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Turnips.

requirement of reasons to be recorded in order / judgment

Hon'ble Supreme Court summarizes the principles in the following terms (paragraph 55) in its judgment; 

a)     In India the judicial trend has always been to record reasons, even in administrative decisions, if such decisions affect anyone prejudicially. 

b)     A quasi-judicial authority must record reasons in support of its conclusions.

c)      Insistence on recording of reasons is meant to serve the wider principle of justice that justice must not only be done it must also appear to be done as well.

d)     Recording of reasons also operates as a valid restraint on any possible arbitrary exercise of judicial and quasi-judicial or even administrative power.

e)     Reasons reassure that discretion has been exercised by the decision maker on relevant grounds and by disregarding extraneous considerations.

f)        Reasons have virtually become as indispensable a component of a decision making process as observing principles of natural justice by judicial, quasi-judicial and even by administrative bodies.

g)     Reasons facilitate the process of judicial review by superior Courts.

h)      The ongoing judicial trend in all countries committed to rule of law and constitutional governance is in favour of reasoned decisions based on relevant facts. This is virtually the life blood of judicial decision making justifying the principle that reason is the soul of justice. 

i)        Judicial or even quasi-judicial opinions these days can be as different as the judges and authorities who deliver them. All these decisions serve one common purpose which is to demonstrate by reason that the relevant factors have been objectively considered. This is important for sustaining the litigants’ faith in the justice delivery system.

j)        Insistence on reason is a requirement for both judicial accountability and transparency. 

k)      If a Judge or a quasi-judicial authority is not candid enough about his/her decision making process then it is impossible to know whether the person deciding is faithful to the doctrine of precedent or to principles of incrementalism. 

l)        Reasons in support of decisions must be cogent, clear and succinct. A pretence of reasons or ‘rubber-stamp reasons’ is not to be equated with a valid decision making process.

m)   It cannot be doubted that transparency is the sine qua non of restraint on abuse of judicial powers. Transparency in decision making not only makes the judges and decision makers less prone to errors but also makes them subject to broader scrutiny.  (See David Shapiro in Defence of Judicial Candor (1987) 100 Harward Law Review 731-737).

n)      Since the requirement to record reasons emanates from the broad doctrine of fairness in decision making, the said requirement is now virtually a component of human rights and was considered part of Strasbourg Jurisprudence. See (1994) 19 EHRR 553, at 562 para 29 and Anya vs. University of Oxford, 2001 EWCA Civ 405, wherein the Court referred to Article 6 of European Convention of Human Rights which requires, “adequate and intelligent reasons must be given for judicial decisions”.

o)     In all common law jurisdictions judgments play a vital role in setting up precedents for the future. Therefore, for development of law, requirement of giving reasons for the decision is of the essence and is virtually a part of “Due Process”.